Linux Essential Basic Installations

Install a .tar.gz (or .tar.bz2) file    

1. open a console
2. use the command cd to navigate to the correct folder. If there is a README file with installation instructions, use that instead.
3. extract the files with one of the commands
   
   • If it's tar.gz use tar xvzf PACKAGENAME.tar.gz
   • if it's a tar.bz2 use tar xvjf PACKAGENAME.tar.bz2
4. ./configure
5. make
6. sudo make install

Install .zip

unzip file.zip -d destination_folder 

sudo apt-get install unzip

Install .rpm

sudo apt-get install alien
sudo alien my_package.rpm
sudo dpkg -i my_package.deb

Install .deb 
Simply double click :D
or using CLI

  sudo dpkg -i skype-ubuntu-precise_4.2.0.11-1_i386.deb

  or

  sudo dpkg -R --install {package_location}